Jobs Project Manager

Who We're Looking For

We seek a Project Manager to provide leadership, coordination, and process management for our design and development teams.

• A natural communicator who can engage confidently with international clients in English
• Detail-oriented with excellent organizational and time management skills
• Able to understand both client needs and technical requirements
• Someone who can explain complex concepts in simple terms
• A responsible professional who thrives in a dynamic environment

Perfect Transition for Designers

This role is an excellent opportunity for professionals with design experience looking to advance their careers. Your understanding of design processes, workflows, and deliverables will be invaluable when communicating client needs to the team and reviewing work quality. Designers bring a unique perspective to project management—you already speak the language of both clients and creatives, understand the challenges of the design process, and can effectively translate business requirements into creative direction. Your visual thinking and problem-solving skills will help you excel in coordinating projects while maintaining the high-quality standards our clients expect.

Key Responsibilities

As a Project Manager at BN Digital, you'll serve as the crucial link between clients and our design/development teams.

• Develop a deep understanding of clients' business and objectives
• Gather and document requirements through direct client communication
• Maintain professional, friendly communication while advocating for BN Digital's objectives
• Kick off projects by clearly communicating client goals and requirements to the team
• Develop project timelines, cost estimations, and resource requirements
• Review and validate all deliverables before client submission
• Address delays or challenges promptly with alternative solutions
• Provide regular reporting on project progress and team hours
• Collaborate actively with designers and developers to meet deadlines
• Ensure team understanding of project requirements
• Identify and communicate team needs or blockers
   

Required Qualifications

• Upper Intermediate English or higher
• Higher education
• Background in business analysis, technical, or design competence

What We Offer

• Collaborative environment
• Variety of management challenges to grow your skills
• Paid sick leaves & vacations
• Flexible work options (office or remote)
• Social benefits after one year of service

We are looking for a Project Manager / Account Manager to join onPoint Studio and become a key link between our clients and delivery team.

In this role, you’ll lead web development projects, build strong client relationships, coordinate teams, and ensure projects are delivered on time, within budget, and with outstanding quality.

Key Responsibilities:

✅ manage project delivery from planning to completion;

✅ coordinate designers, developers, and other stakeholders;

✅ communicate with clients, understand their business goals, and guide them through the development process;

✅ manage project scope, timelines, budgets, resources, and risks;

✅ oversee change requests and project priorities;

✅ facilitate project meetings, planning sessions, demos, and retrospectives;

✅ prepare project reports and maintain project documentation;

✅ identify opportunities for account growth, upselling, and long-term partnerships;

✅ collaborate with Sales and Finance Departments regarding new opportunities and invoicing.

Requirements:

✨ 2+ years of experience as a Project Manager, Account Manager, or Delivery Manager in IT;

✨ experience managing web development or digital projects;

✨ strong client communication and stakeholder management skills;

✨ experience with Jira or similar project management tools;

✨ strong organizational, problem-solving, and multitasking abilities;

✨ English — Upper-Intermediate (B2) or higher.

Nice to Have:

🔥 experience with e-commerce projects;

🔥 understanding of UX/UI design and web development processes;

🔥experience working in service-based companies, outsourcing, or digital agencies.

What We Offer:

⭐️ fully remote work with a flexible schedule;

⭐️ exciting international projects and direct client communication;

⭐️ supportive team and transparent processes;

⭐️ opportunities for professional growth and career development;

⭐️ competitive compensation.

Dataforest is a hard-working and tight-knit team with first-rate experience in full-cycle developing data-driven solutions.

We are looking for a IT Project Manager to join our highly talented and motivated team.

Skills Requirements:

• 2+ years of experience as a IT Project manager ;
• Strong knowledge of project planning;
• Experience with managing web develop projects;
• Project documentation knowledge and understanding;
• Knowledge of the methodology: Scrum, Kanban, Waterfall;
• Experience with task tracking systems;
• Experience in outsoursing company.

Responsibilities:

• Plan and document project objectives, tasks, timelines and work assignments;
• Define and track project success metrics;
• Setting tasks to performers (programmers, designers, other);
• Full interaction with the development team;
• Business analysis and making technical requirements (optional).

We offer:

• Great networking opportunities with international clients, challenging tasks;
• Building interesting projects from scratch using new technologies;
• Personal and professional development opportunities;
• Competitive salary fixed in USD;
• Paid vacation and sick leaves;
• Flexible work schedule;
• Friendly working environment with minimal hierarchy;
• Comfortable, spacious and well-equipped office in the city center;
• Team building activities, corporate events.

Possess overall responsibility for the successful planning, execution, monitoring, control, and completion of projects according to the agreed scope, time, cost, and quality criteria.

A solid understanding of the web design process is crucial for this role.

Responsibilities:

Project Management:

- Manage project development from initiation to closure, within budget, timeline, and quality standards. This involves leading the product development team on the projects that typically last 2-3 years.
- Manage day-to-day operational aspects of projects, ensuring smooth progress and addressing challenges.
- Plan and manage project timelines and milestones, ensuring that tasks are completed on time and objectives are met.
- Identify and mitigate project risks to ensure steady progress.

Team management:

- Manage a web development team of backend and frontend developers, a designer, and a QA engineer. Effectively plan and manage the allocation of team members’ time on projects.

Stakeholders management:

- Manage stakeholder communication throughout the lifecycle of website development projects.

Quality management:

- Ensure that the project’s deliverables meet the defined quality standards and stakeholders’ expectations.

Required skills:

- Experience/strong knowledge of Agile, Scrum, Kanban.
Solid understanding of the SDLC.
- Strong knowledge of UX design and ability to guide design teams.
- Fluent in English with excellent communication skills.
- Strong presentational skills: proficiency in direct stakehoder communication and delivering project updates throughout different stages.
- Strong in people management, problem-solving, and decision-making.
- Initiative-driven with a proactive approach to improving project outcomes.

- Excellent self-organization, time management, and prioritization skills.

Availability to work GMT+2 hours (10 am to 7 pm).

What We Offer:

- A work culture built on mutual success, trust, and continuous growth;

- Competitive compensation with clearly scheduled salary reviews and raises;

- A high-performing project management team and an inspiring atmosphere of camaraderie;

- The opportunity to lead a talented team of top-tier developers and designers;

- Sports compensation to help you stay active and energized;

- Paid vacation and sick leave — because your well-being matters;

- Comprehensive health insurance coverage;

- A modern, comfortable office in the center of Lviv;

- An amazing team, warm atmosphere, and engaging corporate events.

What You’ll Do

• Drive product direction and continuously improve business performance and efficiency
• Own and manage the product backlog: define, prioritize, and ensure timely delivery of tasks
• Conduct market analysis and deeply understand user needs, behaviors, and pain points
• Ensure backlog transparency and clarity for both the development team and stakeholders
• Collaborate closely with analytics to make data-driven decisions and measure product success

What We’re Looking For

• Proven experience as a Product Owner / Product Manager / Business Analyst in eCommerce projects
• Strong hands-on experience with web analytics and data interpretation
• Solid understanding of APIs: ability to read and interpret requests/responses and translate them into clear requirements
• Practical experience with Agile methodologies (Scrum, Kanban)
• Understanding of microservices architecture and cross-team collaboration within such environments
• Deep knowledge of the full product development lifecycle

Nice to Have

• Experience working with high-traffic products or scaling eCommerce platforms
• Strong communication skills and ability to align multiple stakeholders
• Analytical mindset with a focus on measurable impact

RONIS is a custom software development and design company located in Ukraine.

With 20 years of experience, we provide consultancy services, strategy planning, IT landscape architecture, custom software architecture, and development, as well as integrations with existing systems.

We are now focusing on deep learning, artificial intelligence, and big data, and on their importance in e-Commerce.

Responsibilities:

- Manage software development projects from planning to delivery
- Coordinate communication between clients and development teams
- Monitor project progress, timelines, and deliverables
- Create and maintain project documentation
- Organize and facilitate team meetings
- Ensure transparent communication across all stakeholders
- Support the team in resolving blockers and operational issues
- Track project statuses and report updates to stakeholders
- Ensure product quality and timely delivery

Requirements:

- 2+ years of experience as an IT Project Manager
- Strong understanding of software development processes
- Practical experience with Agile methodologies (Scrum, Kanban)
- Experience managing web and/or mobile development projects
- Ability to coordinate cross-functional teams 
- Experience with project management tools such as Jira, Confluence, ClickUp, Trello, or similar
- Strong communication and stakeholder management skills
- Ability to manage project scope, priorities, timelines, and risks
- Experience conducting Scrum ceremonies (Daily meetings, Sprint Planning, Retrospectives, Grooming)
- Understanding of estimation, workload planning, and resource management
- Experience working with clients and handling client communication
- Ability to identify blockers and proactively resolve issues
- Strong analytical and problem-solving skills
- Upper-Intermediate English or higher (written and spoken)

Nice to Have:

- Technical background or understanding of frontend/backend architecture
- Knowledge of QA processes and testing flows
- Experience working with remote teams

We offer:

- Competitive salary based on your experience and skills
- Remote work
- Paid vacation and sick leave
- Opportunity to work on interesting international projects
- Friendly and supportive team environment
- Professional growth
- Comfortable onboarding process and team assistance
- Modern tools and well-established workflows
- Opportunity to influence processes

We are building a digital learning platform for maritime education and training.

We are looking for a Project Manager (mid level) to support the first phase of delivery.

The project is being built together with an openEdX vendor, so this role is key to keeping delivery organised, transparent and moving forward.

What you’ll work on:

• planning and tracking delivery across teams 
• coordinating internal team and external vendor 
• organising regular syncs and follow-ups 
• monitoring timelines, dependencies and blockers 
• ensuring clear delivery visibility for stakeholders 

What we’re looking for:

• 3+ years of experience in software project management 
• ability to coordinate multiple stakeholders 
• strong organisational and follow-up skills 
• experience in early-stage or vendor-led projects is a plus 
• English level: Upper-Intermediate or higher 

What we offer:

• opportunity to help shape delivery from the start 
• flexible collaboration model 
• meaningful role in a growing product initiative 

If this sounds like something you’d be interested in discussing, please share your CV and feel free to reach out.
Let's connect and text here if you'd like to chat or have any questions!

About SYNTECH Digital

We are an official Creatio partner and product company. SYNTECH delivers complex CRM/ERP implementations for clients in manufacturing, logistics, HR, and finance, using our own Marketplace product suite as part of the solution toolkit.

Responsibilities
    •    Own implementation projects end-to-end: from kick-off and requirements gathering to UAT and go-live
    •    Collect and document business requirements (BRD, Scope, User Stories, functional specs)
    •    Plan sprints, track deadlines and budget, manage scope changes
    •    Act as the primary client contact: demos, progress reports, expectation management
    •    Coordinate developers, QA, and analysts; remove blockers and escalate risks early
    •    Contribute to pre-sales: effort estimation, solution scoping, commercial proposal preparation
    •    Maintain structured project documentation and risk registers throughout delivery
Requirements
    •    2+ years of PM experience in CRM / ERP or IT implementation projects
    •    Understanding of the Creatio platform or comparable CRM/ERP (Salesforce, Microsoft Dynamics, HubSpot)
    •    Proven experience writing BRD, SRS, and Scope documents
    •    Agile / Scrum or hybrid methodology experience
    •    Confident communication with business stakeholders and C-level
    •    Analytical mindset, attention to detail, systematic approach
    •    English — B1+

Nice to Have
    •    Creatio certification, PMP, or PRINCE2
    •    Domain experience in manufacturing, HR, logistics, or finance
    •    Basic technical understanding: API integrations, databases, business process automation
Key KPIs
    •    Estimation accuracy ≤ 20% deviation from actuals
    •    % of milestones delivered on time
    •    Client NPS after project close
    •    Minimal unplanned scope changes post kick-off

We Offer
    •    Competitive salary + performance bonus for successful project delivery
    •    Diverse industry portfolio — no two projects alike
    •    SYNTECH’s own Marketplace modules as part of your solution toolkit
    •    Flexible 5-day schedule, fully remote
    •    24 days paid vacation
    •    Growth to Head of Delivery or Partner track

Altum Software is looking for a proactive Project Manager to join our champion-minded team.

This position requires strong organizational skills and ability to work on many tasks in parallel. The project manager will own the project execution, be responsible for the project schedule, budget management, overall direction, coordination, implementation, execution, control and completion of specific projects ensuring consistency with company strategy, commitments, and goals.

If you`re sure you can maintain the fast-moving pace and successfully deliver our clients` projects with no exceptions, keep reading.

Who we are:
Altum is a Ukrainian software and website development house. We partner with startups and mid-sized businesses to develop innovative, human-centered digital products as well as provide technical expertise to digital agencies from the US and across Western Europe.

Our team consists of business-driven A+ players with a shared value system and winning purpose.

The company environment is designed for constant support, open communication, engaging challenges and the room for career and personal growth.

What we offer:

• Detailed onboarding trainings;
• Ongoing supervising;
• Access to project management software and resources;
• Communication with market leaders;
• Extensive room for growth;
• Honest and improvement-oriented feedback constantly;
• Paid time off and sick leaves;
• A supportive work environment;
• Additional benefits created exclusively for you based on your needs.

What you need:

• Self-motivation and eager willingness to learn and grow;
• Systematic and detailed approach to everything you do;
• Problem solving skills;
• Communication and negotiation skills;
• Experience with management tools;
• Prior experience in project management position;
• Upper intermediate level of English (both written and verbal);
• Clear understanding of project management basis (project planning, timelines, budgets, team composition, management methodologies etc.);
• Understanding the technical side of projects would be a huge plus;
• Network of freelancers would also be a major advantage.

What you`ll do:

• Lead and manage multiple projects simultaneously (approx. 10-12), ensuring successful project delivery. 
  Project types: website development from scratch (45%), website design (15%), website support tickets (25%) and software development (15%).
• Define project scope, objectives, and deliverables that support business goals and meet client expectations.
• Develop detailed project plans, including timelines, milestones, and resource allocation, using project management software.
• Monitor and track project progress, identifying and addressing any issues or risks.
• Communicate project status, updates, and changes to clients and team members.
• Conduct regular status meetings with clients to communicate progress, provide reports, and address any challenges.
• Foster a collaborative and positive team environment, promoting open communication and problem-solving.
• Ensure adherence to project management best practices, methodologies, and standards to maintain high levels of quality throughout the project lifecycle.
• Conduct post-project evaluations to identify areas for improvement and implement lessons learned.

Altum Software is looking for a proactive Project Manager to join our champion-minded team.

This position requires strong organizational skills and ability to work on many tasks in parallel. The project manager will own the project execution, be responsible for the project schedule, budget management, overall direction, coordination, implementation, execution, control and completion of specific projects ensuring consistency with company strategy, commitments, and goals.

If you`re sure you can maintain the fast-moving pace and successfully deliver our clients` projects with no exceptions, keep reading.

Who we are:
Altum is a Ukrainian software and website development house. We partner with startups and mid-sized businesses to develop innovative, human-centered digital products as well as provide technical expertise to digital agencies from the US and across Western Europe.

Our team consists of business-driven A+ players with a shared value system and winning purpose.

The company environment is designed for constant support, open communication, engaging challenges and the room for career and personal growth.

What we offer:

• Detailed onboarding trainings;
• Ongoing supervising;
• Access to project management software and resources;
• Communication with market leaders;
• Extensive room for growth;
• Honest and improvement-oriented feedback constantly;
• Paid time off and sick leaves;
• A supportive work environment;
• Additional benefits created exclusively for you based on your needs.

What you need:

• Self-motivation and eager willingness to learn and grow;
• Systematic and detailed approach to everything you do;
• Problem solving skills;
• Communication and negotiation skills;
• Experience with management tools;
• Prior experience in project management position;
• Upper intermediate level of English (both written and verbal);
• Clear understanding of project management basis (project planning, timelines, budgets, team composition, management methodologies etc.);
• Understanding the technical side of projects would be a huge plus;
• Network of freelancers would also be a major advantage.

What you`ll do:

• Lead and manage multiple projects simultaneously (approx. 10-12), ensuring successful project delivery. 
  Project types: website development from scratch (45%), website design (15%), website support tickets (25%) and software development (15%).
• Define project scope, objectives, and deliverables that support business goals and meet client expectations.
• Develop detailed project plans, including timelines, milestones, and resource allocation, using project management software.
• Monitor and track project progress, identifying and addressing any issues or risks.
• Communicate project status, updates, and changes to clients and team members.
• Conduct regular status meetings with clients to communicate progress, provide reports, and address any challenges.
• Foster a collaborative and positive team environment, promoting open communication and problem-solving.
• Ensure adherence to project management best practices, methodologies, and standards to maintain high levels of quality throughout the project lifecycle.
• Conduct post-project evaluations to identify areas for improvement and implement lessons learned.

We’re searching for a Software Project Manager to join a Blockchain company. This is a long-term opportunity.

What We’re Looking For:

• At least 1 year in a role overseeing software projects or leading a small technical team (e.g., Technical Project Lead, Software Team Lead, Engineering Manager, or similar).
• Commercial coding experience, ideally with both server-side and client-side development, with a focus on web applications.
• Familiarity with modern project management approaches, such as iterative development, Kanban, or Scrum, and common management tools like task trackers and collaboration platforms.
• Ability to communicate effectively in English at an intermediate level or higher.
• Good understanding of how software projects progress from concept to delivery, including planning, execution, and quality assurance.
• Excellent organizational, analytical, and interpersonal skills.
• Comfortable translating business needs into technical requirements and guiding solutions to meet those needs.

What You’ll Do:

• Lead and guide the development team to deliver projects on time and within scope.
• Plan, document, and supervise software development projects, ensuring smooth execution throughout all phases.
• Define project requirements, resources, and timelines in collaboration with stakeholders.
• Monitor team performance, provide mentorship, and ensure alignment with project goals.
• Manage risks, handle unexpected changes, and ensure high-quality deliverables.
• Serve as the main point of contact for internal and external communications regarding project progress.

• Translate complex technical concepts into clear explanations for non-technical stakeholders.

   

Perks & Benefits:

• Competitive salary.
• Full coverage of travel and conference expenses.
• Opportunity to influence the development of the company’s partner ecosystem.
• Autonomy, flexibility, and work in a strong Web3-focused team.
• Fast growth and participation in international projects.

Altum Software is looking for a proactive Project Manager to join our champion-minded team.

This position requires strong organizational skills and ability to work on many tasks in parallel. The project manager will own the project execution, be responsible for the project schedule, budget management, overall direction, coordination, implementation, execution, control and completion of specific projects ensuring consistency with company strategy, commitments, and goals.

If you`re sure you can maintain the fast-moving pace and successfully deliver our clients` projects with no exceptions, keep reading.

Who we are:
Altum is a Ukrainian software and website development house. We partner with startups and mid-sized businesses to develop innovative, human-centered digital products as well as provide technical expertise to digital agencies from the US and across Western Europe.

Our team consists of business-driven A+ players with a shared value system and winning purpose.

The company environment is designed for constant support, open communication, engaging challenges and the room for career and personal growth.

What we offer:

• Detailed onboarding trainings;
• Ongoing supervising;
• Access to project management software and resources;
• Communication with market leaders;
• Extensive room for growth;
• Honest and improvement-oriented feedback constantly;
• Paid time off and sick leaves;
• A supportive work environment;
• Additional benefits created exclusively for you based on your needs.

What you need:

• Self-motivation and eager willingness to learn and grow;
• Systematic and detailed approach to everything you do;
• Problem solving skills;
• Communication and negotiation skills;
• Experience with management tools;
• Prior experience in project management position;
• Upper intermediate level of English (both written and verbal);
• Clear understanding of project management basis (project planning, timelines, budgets, team composition, management methodologies etc.);
• Understanding the technical side of projects would be a huge plus;
• Network of freelancers would also be a major advantage.

What you`ll do:

• Lead and manage multiple projects simultaneously (approx. 10-12), ensuring successful project delivery. 
  Project types: website development from scratch (45%), website design (15%), website support tickets (25%) and software development (15%).
• Define project scope, objectives, and deliverables that support business goals and meet client expectations.
• Develop detailed project plans, including timelines, milestones, and resource allocation, using project management software.
• Monitor and track project progress, identifying and addressing any issues or risks.
• Communicate project status, updates, and changes to clients and team members.
• Conduct regular status meetings with clients to communicate progress, provide reports, and address any challenges.
• Foster a collaborative and positive team environment, promoting open communication and problem-solving.
• Ensure adherence to project management best practices, methodologies, and standards to maintain high levels of quality throughout the project lifecycle.
• Conduct post-project evaluations to identify areas for improvement and implement lessons learned.

Altum Software is looking for a proactive Project Manager to join our champion-minded team.

This position requires strong organizational skills and ability to work on many tasks in parallel. The project manager will own the project execution, be responsible for the project schedule, budget management, overall direction, coordination, implementation, execution, control and completion of specific projects ensuring consistency with company strategy, commitments, and goals.

If you`re sure you can maintain the fast-moving pace and successfully deliver our clients` projects with no exceptions, keep reading.

Who we are:
Altum is a Ukrainian software and website development house. We partner with startups and mid-sized businesses to develop innovative, human-centered digital products as well as provide technical expertise to digital agencies from the US and across Western Europe.

Our team consists of business-driven A+ players with a shared value system and winning purpose.

The company environment is designed for constant support, open communication, engaging challenges and the room for career and personal growth.

What we offer:

• Detailed onboarding trainings;
• Ongoing supervising;
• Access to project management software and resources;
• Communication with market leaders;
• Extensive room for growth;
• Honest and improvement-oriented feedback constantly;
• Paid time off and sick leaves;
• A supportive work environment;
• Additional benefits created exclusively for you based on your needs.

What you need:

• Self-motivation and eager willingness to learn and grow;
• Systematic and detailed approach to everything you do;
• Problem solving skills;
• Communication and negotiation skills;
• Experience with management tools;
• Prior experience in project management position;
• Upper intermediate level of English (both written and verbal);
• Clear understanding of project management basis (project planning, timelines, budgets, team composition, management methodologies etc.);
• Understanding the technical side of projects would be a huge plus;
• Network of freelancers would also be a major advantage.

What you`ll do:

• Lead and manage multiple projects simultaneously (approx. 10-12), ensuring successful project delivery. 
  Project types: website development from scratch (45%), website design (15%), website support tickets (25%) and software development (15%).
• Define project scope, objectives, and deliverables that support business goals and meet client expectations.
• Develop detailed project plans, including timelines, milestones, and resource allocation, using project management software.
• Monitor and track project progress, identifying and addressing any issues or risks.
• Communicate project status, updates, and changes to clients and team members.
• Conduct regular status meetings with clients to communicate progress, provide reports, and address any challenges.
• Foster a collaborative and positive team environment, promoting open communication and problem-solving.
• Ensure adherence to project management best practices, methodologies, and standards to maintain high levels of quality throughout the project lifecycle.
• Conduct post-project evaluations to identify areas for improvement and implement lessons learned.

We are looking for an exceptional Project Manager to lead large-scale e-commerce projects for our clients. Most of our clients are based in the United States, so you must have a very good command of English. We consider only candidates having 5+ years experience in big e-commerce projects, B2B and B2C.

Other requirements include:

1. Strong management skills. Yes, it may seem obvious, but it’s surprisingly rare. You should excel in time management, people management, and, of course, project management.
2. Expert level e-commerce domain and e-commerce platforms knowledge. You should have a deep understanding of e-commerce field, including major platforms, their functionality and capabilities. We primarily work with Magento (Adobe Commerce), but experience with other platforms is also valuable.

3. A strong work ethic and results-driven mindset. Successful project delivery can be challenging, but it is also highly rewarding - both professionally and financially.

    

We offer:
A highly skilled team, challenging projects, remote work with flexible hours, professional equipment, company-sponsored certifications, training, and opportunities for continuous learning and development.
Our benefits package includes 18 days of paid vacation, 5 paid sick days, and additional days off for important life events.

Main communication language is English, but it would be easier for you if you to communicate with the team if you know Ukrainian.

We're excited to invite you to complete a test task. We'll send you the details via direct message.

Fortes.vision is a Ukrainian enterprise specializing in 3D visualization services for designers, architects, and real estate professionals worldwide.

We are on the lookout for a project manager to oversee our client relationships. This role is ideal for someone with basic project management experience who is eager to grow and embrace new knowledge.

Requirements:

- Proactive and responsible attitude.

- English proficiency at an upper-intermediate level or higher for client correspondence and meetings.

- Prior education in project management, including any relevant courses or achievements, is highly regarded.

- Enthusiasm for personal development and a receptivity to new ideas.

Additional qualifications that will be advantageous:

- Experience in organizational roles.

- A background in a technical field.

What we offer:

- The flexibility of remote work, allowing you to work from anywhere on your own schedule.

- A competitive and prompt salary, including a base rate and project management bonuses, designed to keep you motivated and appreciated.

- Diverse opportunities for professional growth, enhancing your skills and expanding your knowledge base.